The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Essay Example

The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Paper The short stories of Katherine Mansfield can largely be divided into two distinct categories. The first of which deals mostly in satirising and somewhat flippantly portraying the affluent middle class society of early twentieth-century England. Such short stories are often seen by critics as failing to contend with any serious or significant social issues, and are rather a mocking imitation of bourgeois life. The latter group of Mansfields short stories can be said to depict a somewhat deeper and more understanding sense of life, in which Mansfield explores a plethora of emotional and psychological concerns through her characters. It is in these stories where the joys and terrors of sexuality and mortality can be found through Mansfields exploration of an ordinary mind on an ordinary day. Perhaps the story that most clearly delves into the issue of sexuality is Mansfields most provocative and controversial short story Bliss. Upon its publication, Bliss was subject to much criticism; Virginia Woolf claimed that it was uninteresting, while T.S. Eliot asserted that it was without moral and social ramification. Though it is clear to see why such a radical story might not have been appreciated in its time, Bliss is far more than the predictable love-triangle tale is appears to be from the surface. The underlying theme of the story is a tentative insight into the nature of female sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on The short stories of Katherine Mansfield specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The short stories of Katherine Mansfield specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The short stories of Katherine Mansfield specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scene in which Bertha and Pearl stand next to one another admiring the tree in the garden is clearly symbolic in terms of sexuality and undoubtedly tests the boundaries of female homoeroticism. And the two women stood side by side looking at the slender, flowering tree. Although it was so still it seemed, like the flame of a candle, to stretch up, to point, to quiver in the bright air, to grow taller and taller as they gazed almost to touch the rim of the round, silver moon. The pear tree in the story comes to symbolise Berthas character, she sees aspects of herself in it. The fact that she dresses in white, green and jade for the dinner party (the same colours as the tree) is no coincidence, and is a suggestion of her subconscious comparison between herself and the tree. In a similar way, Pearl is likened throughout to the Moon through Mansfields imagery. Pearl is dressed all in silver, the same colour the Moon is described as, her fingers like moonbeams, are so slender that a pale light seemed to come from them. Her cool arm, heavy eyelids and mysterious half smile all seem to imply a similarity between Pearl and the Moon. Furthermore, Pearls name itself can be seen as an example of imagery, as a pearl can be likened to the Moon in terms of its shape and colour. With this in mind, the scene symbolises the sexual tension between Bertha and Pearl, and Bertha subconscious homoerotic desire for Pearl. The two characters gaze outwards through the window in consideration of their two respective symbols. The juxtaposition of the tree and the Moon, and the fact that the tree is stretching upwards in an attempt to reach (and presumably penetrate) the round Moon, can be seen as Berthas desire for Pearl. The fluctuating experience continues immediately after this scene, as Bertha suddenly moves away from Bertha, and begins to fix her sights upon her husband once again. As those last words something strange and almost terrifying darted into Berthas mind. And this something blind and smiling whispered to her: Soon these people will go. The house will be quiet quiet. The lights will be out and you will be alone together in the dark room the warm bed We are told at this point that for the first time in her life Bertha Young desired her husband, yet it seems odd that this sudden shift back towards her husband should come straight after her moment with Pearl Fulton. Her emotions and strong feeling of lust for her husband are triggered by her subconscious desire for Pearl. Through this radical example, Mansfield explores the free flowing sexuality of women in early 20th century England, and delves into the concept of lesbianism something almost unheard of at the time of writing. In terms of Mansfields juxtaposition of the ordinary with the sexual, throughout Bliss, Berthas descriptions of the most mundane and routine things have sexual undertones. She takes note of Pearl rolling a tangerine between her fingers, and describes how Harry loves the white flesh of a lobster. Food and the concept of eating seem to evoke a deep sense of lust in Bertha and as such contribute to the fluctuating experience of an ordinary mind. The twist at the end of the story is somewhat ironic. Whilst Bertha has imagined throughout, the possibility of engaging in sexual relations with both Harry and Pearl, she later finds out that the pair are already lovers. By reaching this conclusion, Mansfield does not grant Bertha her bliss (repressed sexual desire), she has become a third wheel and an outsider in the relationship. Mansfields outlook on death and mortality can also be clearly seen within her work. One story that clearly deals with the question of mortality is At the Bay, and like Bliss this tale has been praised for its seemingly simplistic storyline combined with a deep and significant underlying meaning. Through symbols and motifs, Mansfield raises questions about the nature of our existence. The key recurring motif, which runs throughout, is that of the sun. The imagery Mansfield chooses to use through the story creates a deep sense of interconnection the feeling that everything around us is relevant and purposeful. The story, though seeming to be concerned mainly with family relationships and the tension that inevitably comes with them, also takes into account the anxiety of death, which was a huge concern at the time. The sun in the story is seen as a powerful and fiery force, marking time and creating routine. Its inescapable and monotonous schedule not only creates unity amongst all humans, but also limits all actions. The link created between time and the sun is significant in highlighting Mansfields concern with the shortness as well as the limitations of life. Even the characters within the story seem to recognize the influence and potentially damaging nature of the sun. Stanleys daily routine mirrors the sun he wakes as the sun rises, and returns home when it sets. Meanwhile, other characters such as Mrs Fairfield seek to avoid the sun through the course of the story and Uncle William is referred to, as we hear that he went to the mines, andgot a sunstroke there and died. There is an undertone of death, and anxiousness about morality that run throughout, and these can be strongly linked to the presence of the sun. In conclusion, it is clear to see the way Mansfield creates a fluctuating experience of an ordinary mind, and hints strongly at the joys and terrors of both sexuality and mortality. In Bliss we are allowed to see a fairly biased insight into the life of a woman with free flowing sexual desires which transcend the bounds of heterosexuality. Mansfields clever imagery and juxtaposition of the ordinary with the strong sexual desires of Bertha clearly create the impression of an ordinary woman trying to break free from normal social constraints and express her repressed sexual desire. Bertha is not only curious and excited about her subconscious thoughts, but at the same time terrified about the implications and consequences they may have. The idea of ordinary minds and ordinary lives continues in At the Bay, where Mansfield cleverly creates a story which seems to be concerned with family ties and tensions, yet beneath the surface delves into a whole host of issues regarding mortality and death. The sun is highly significant in At the Bay, the characters in the story live by it and at the same time fear it. It controls their lives and has the potential to bring death. It is through the sun that Mansfield highlights the anxieties of death and mortality.

Flodden - Battle of Flodden Field

Flodden - Battle of Flodden Field Battle of Flodden - Conflict Date: The Battle of Flodden was fought September 9, 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1516). Battle of Flodden - Armies Commanders: Scotland King James IV34,000 men England Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey26,000 men Battle of Flodden - Background: Seeking to honor the Auld Alliance with France, King James IV of Scotland declared war on England in 1513. As the army mustered, it transitioned from the traditional Scottish spear to the modern European pike which was being used to great effect by the Swiss and Germans. While trained by the French Comte dAussi, it is unlikely that the Scots had mastered the weapon and maintaining the tight formations required for its use before moving south. Gathering around 30,000 men and seventeen guns, James crossed the border on August 22 and moved to seize Norham Castle. Battle of Flodden - The Scots Advance: Enduring miserable weather and taking high losses, the Scots succeeded in capturing Norham. In the wake of the success, many, tired of the rain and spreading disease, began to desert. While James loitered in Northumberland, King Henry VIIIs northern army began to gather under the leadership of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Numbering around 24,500, Surreys men were equipped with bills, eight-foot long poles with blades at the end made for slashing. Joining his infantry were 1,500 light horsemen under Thomas, Lord Dacre. Battle of Flodden - The Armies Meet: Not wishing the Scots to slip away, Surrey dispatched a messenger to James offering battle on September 9. In an uncharacteristic move for a Scottish king, James accepted stating that he would remain in Northumberland until noon on the appointed day. As Surrey marched, James shifted his army into a fortress-like position atop Flodden, Moneylaws, and Branxton Hills. Forming a rough horseshoe, the position could only be approached from the east and required crossing the River Till. Reaching the Till Valley on September 6, Surrey immediately recognized the strength of the Scottish position. Again dispatching a messenger, Surrey chastised James for taking such a strong position and invited him to do battle on the nearby plains around Milfield. Refusing, James wished to fight a defensive battle on his own terms. With his supplies dwindling, Surrey was compelled to choose between abandoning the area or attempting a flanking march to the north and west to force the Scots out of their position. Opting for the latter, his men began crossing the Till at Twizel Bridge and Milford Ford on September 8. Reaching a position above the Scots, they turned south and deployed facing Branxton Hill. Due to continued stormy weather, James did not become aware of the English maneuver until sometime around noon on September 9. As a result, he began shifting his entire army to Branxton Hill. Formed in five divisions, Lord Hume and the Early of Huntly led the left, the Earls of Crawford and Montrose the left center, James the right center, and the Earls of Argyll and Lennox the right. The Earl of Bothwells division was held in reserve to the rear. Artillery was placed in the spaces between the divisions. At the base of the hill and across a small stream, Surrey deployed his men in similar fashion. Battle of Flodden - Disaster for the Scots: Around 4:00 in the afternoon, James artillery opened fire on the English position. Consisting largely of siege guns, they did little damage. On the English side, Sir Nicholas Appelbys twenty-two guns replied with great effect. Silencing the Scottish artillery, they began a devastating bombardment of James formations. Unable to withdraw over the crest without risking a panic, James continued to take losses. To his left, Hume and Huntly elected to begin the action without orders. Moving their men down the least steep part of the hill, their pikemen advanced toward Edmund Howards troops. Hampered by the severe weather, Howards archers fired with little effect and his formation was shattered by Hume and Huntlys men. Driving through the English, their formation began to dissolve and their advance was checked by Dacres horsemen. Seeing this success, James directed Crawford and Montrose to move forward and began advancing with his own division. Unlike the first attack, these divisions were forced to descend a steep slope which began to open their ranks. Pressing on, additional momentum was lost in crossing the stream. Reaching the English lines, Crawford and Montroses men were disorganized and the bills of Thomas Howard, the Lord Admirals men slashed into their ranks and cut the heads from the Scottish pikes. Forced to rely on swords and axes, the Scots took frightful losses as they were unable to engage the English as close range. To the right, James had some success and pushed back the division led by Surrey. Halting the Scottish advance, James men soon faced a situation similar to Crawford and Montrose. On the right, Argyle and Lennoxs Highlanders remained in position watching the battle. As a result, they failed to notice the arrival of Edward Stanleys division on their front. Though the Highlanders were in a strong position, Stanley saw that it could be flanked to the east. Sending forward a portion of his command to hold the enemy in place, the remainder made a concealed movement to the left and up the hill. Unleashing a massive arrow storm on the Scots from two directions, Stanley was able to force them to flee the field. Seeing Bothwells men advancing to support the king, Stanley reformed his troops and along with Dacre attacked the Scottish reserve from the rear. In a brief fight they were driven off and the English descended on the rear of the Scottish lines. Under attack on three sides, the Scots battled on with James falling in the fighting. By 6:00 PM much of the fighting had ended with the Scots retreating east over the ground held by Hume and Huntly. Battle of Flodden - Aftermath: Unaware of the magnitude of his victory, Surrey remained in place overnight. The next morning, Scottish horsemen were spotted on Branxton Hill but were quickly driven away. The remnants of the Scottish army limped back across the River Tweed. In the fighting at Flodden, the Scots lost around 10,000 men including James, nine earls, fourteen Lords of Parliament, and the Archbishop of St. Andrews. On the English side, Surrey lost around 1,500 men, most from Edmund Howards division. The largest battle in terms of numbers fought between the two nations, it was also Scotlands worst ever military defeat. It was believed at the time that every noble family in Scotland lost at least one person at Flodden. Selected Sources North East England History Pages: Battle of Flodden FieldElectric Scotland: Battle of FloddenUK Battlefields Resource Centre: Battle of Flodden

How to Write the Columbia University Essays 2017-2018

Columbia University is one of the world’s leading research institutions and one of the best universities in the country. Originally founded as King’s College in 1754, today Columbia attracts top-performing students from all around the globe with its combination of a world-class academic program and its location in the social and cultural hub of New York City. With such a great academic experience comes high interest, limited space, and an increasingly difficult path to an acceptance letter. For its class of 2021, Columbia admitted a mere 5.8% of its applicants. As a result, competitive applicants will need to write extremely compelling essays in order to stand out in the admissions process. When applying to Columbia, you will submit either the Common App or the Coalition Application, each of which includes a general 650-word essay. For more advice on how to craft a stellar response to the 2017-2018 Common App and Coalition essay prompts, see ’s guides on the   Common App Essays and the Coalition Essays . In addition to the general essays from the Common App and Coalition Applications, Columbia has four â€Å"essay† questions that they want you to answer for their school in particular. These essays can be broken into two groups: Luckily for you, is here to help. In order to give you the best shot possible for the class of 2022, we’ll be offering you plenty of practical suggestions for how to navigate this year’s supplemental essays. We’ll also be adding a few suggestions on how you might try something a little bit more adventurous in your writing to stand out from the crowd. This prompt is asking you for a list — no snappy introductions or grandiose concluding statements. But keep in mind that even when you are writing a list, you are still telling a story. The items you put at the beginning and the end of the list matter, and there is room for humor and dramatic effect. Let’s handle the formatting first. You can organize your list by using periods to separate different words and phrases. A bare-bones response to this question might start out something like this: Exciting. Something unexpected. Being in awe of my peers and constantly learning from them. Studying with the top researchers in the field of biology. Doing interdisciplinary work that addresses real-world issues. Always being exposed to new ideas. Inspiring and uplifting. You get the idea. But, as you read this sample response, you may get the sense that it is extremely broad (sort of like Columbia’s mission statement ). Large institutions have to use vague statements of general purpose because they need to represent a huge body of interests without stirring up controversy. But you are just one person, peculiar in your own interests and passions. And Columbia wants to see that person. Once you get past the mission statements written by committees of administrators and into the classes, the books, the late-night poetry readings, the frantic scribbling at the end of a linear algebra midterm†¦ then Columbia becomes an interesting and lively place.    The key to writing a compelling answer to this question is to recognize that you are not just describing your ideal college community but also yourself and how you hope to interact with that community. Maybe you want a community that â€Å"welcomes a small-town entomologist into the big city,† or maybe you want a community â€Å"full of hands with paper cuts from thumbing through The Critique of Pure Reason. † Your answer to this question can be part personal essay and part aspirational statement about what you want your college to look like. First, it helps to have an expansive sense of what the word â€Å"community† might mean. It can refer to your friends, your professors, your classmates, but also your TAs, the people who clean and serve food on the campus, the musicians who play on New York Subway. Maybe you want a college campus that is â€Å"loud with the sound of the city,† but where the libraries â€Å"are quiet with the frantic intensity of thought.† As you write, try to avoid vague buzzwords like â€Å" innovation ,† and hackneyed phrases like â€Å"cultivates leadership ,† and â€Å"values sustainability .† These words may sound fancy, but if they already appear in the promotional materials for every college and university that you are applying to, then chances are your admissions officers are already tired of hearing them. Instead of a college community that â€Å"values sustainability,† maybe you want a college community that is â€Å"doing everything it can to fight global warming.† Instead of a college community that â€Å"cultivates leadership,† maybe you want a college community that â€Å"asks me to listen, intently and respectfully to those with which I disagree, even if they don’t believe in climate change.† Don’t be afraid to offer a list that speaks to your own values, where each item contributes to a narrative about you that is bigger than the sum of its parts. Finally, if you really want to go out on a limb, you might recognize that a list can also be a poem. Maybe you want a community â€Å"that reaches beyond the ivory tower, that turns around to speak truth to power.† That rhyme is a little clammy. You can probably do better, and we encourage you to try. You might suspect that this part of the application has some kind of hidden trap. If you do not list a certain work or publication, does that rule you out? Is there anything they are looking for specifically? The answer to both of these questions is no. For this segment, honesty is key. The admissions committees are looking to understand who you are through your interests. It is true that Columbia is looking for some degree of sophistication. But don’t let this discourage you: Not everyone reads Aristotle for fun! Moreover, even if you spend some time reading Archie Comics , you can have an intricate reading of those too! The sophistication of your chosen reading material does not necessarily reflect the sophistication of your reading practice. As a general rule, you should make sure that your reading list reflects a high school reading level, even if it has a few more eclectic, â€Å"fun† titles thrown into the mix.    Across these lists, you also have the opportunity to show you are intellectually curious and interested in subjects beyond your chosen area of study. Because Columbia offers its students a liberal arts education, neuroscience majors may find themselves in a discussion about Gertrude Stein (they might even learn that the poet of â€Å"A rose is a rose is a rose† was herself quite dedicated to the modern study of physiology and cognition). If you are applying as a STEM major, you might include some of your favorite novels, whether it be the early nineteenth-century study of manners in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice or the eco-utopian science fiction of Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars Trilogy . On the other hand, if you are applying as an English major, you might demonstrate your interests in the narratives that live outside of literary texts by including some of your favorite works on science, politics, and economics. After all, Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century begins with an analysis of â€Å"property† in Jane Austen, and Naomi Klein’s analysis of the politics of climate change in This Changes Everything quotes Robinson’s novels. In all of these lists, the most important thing is to remain true to yourself; don’t make things up for the purposes of sounding fancy. A world where everyone has read the same few â€Å"important† books would be a very boring world indeed. No special tricks here. These works should be directly from your literature class’s syllabus: just list the titles of your favorite required works from the year. Unless they are relatively unknown, there is no need to include the author’s name. If you are an international student, use this opportunity to showcase titles that might not normally appear in an American high school curriculum. Make sure to use the translated titles into English. We recommend a minimum of three or four works and a maximum of about ten works. Remember that these can be both fiction and non-fiction; ideally, your list will offer a mixture of both. The fiction works should not be from your school courses, even if you did not list them on the first part of this supplement. As with the previous question, you should give a minimum of four texts and a maximum of ten. The point here is not to give an exhaustive list of your reading, but rather to give the admissions officers a sense of your interests. In terms of works that would be inappropriate to list, remember that these are books you’ve read within the last year. Maybe you feel like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was an important novel to your childhood and shaped you as an individual, but unfortunately, Columbia is only looking for more recent reads. But, if you reread an important text every year, feel free to include it. After all, U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Roberts reportedly rereads Samuel Johnson’s â€Å"The Vanity of Human Wishes† every year . Feel free to include texts from any genre, even comic books. Some graphic novels, like Emil Ferris’ My Favorite Thing is Monsters are modern classics that tackle tough issues, like racial tensions in Chicago, the beauty of Fuseli’s The Nightmare , and the long history of Nazi Germany. The most important thing to remember is that these are books you have discovered, read, and enjoyed within at most the past year. They should reflect who you are at the moment! As a formatting note: If you read these titles in a language other than English, feel free to make a small note in parenthesis after each title noting this, for example, Les Misà ©rables (read in French). Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. There is no need to make a distinction between â€Å"print† and â€Å"electronic,† as most publications are currently available online. Unlike other sections where it is useful to have a mix of answers, hunting down different publications that are solely online or solely print is completely unnecessary. Examples of appropriate publications can include but should not be limited to: The New York Times , The Economist , Astronomy Magazine , International Journal of Psychology , American Anthropologist , etc. Don’t forget that scientific, economic, and social sciences journals count as publications! At the same time, it’s perfectly fine some on your list are not that â€Å"sophisticated.† Even sites like Buzzfeed, which by some are not considered extremely serious news sources, can add value to your application if you feel their content is representative of your interests. One final note: These days, there are a lot of â€Å"news† outlets that do not conform to the traditional standards of journalistic integrity . Alex Jones’s InfoWars comes to mind as a prominent example. If you visit and read from sites like this, it is, of course, up to your discretion whether or not you include them on your list. One argument for including a site like InfoWars might be that you read it, not for â€Å"information,† but rather to study the media that millions of Americans read and watch every day, for better or worse. If you are interested in journalism or media criticism, you might write a very compelling response to the fourth essay prompt below that asks you to talk about your intended field of study. You might start that essay by saying: â€Å"You might have been surprised to see The Daily Stormer listed alongside the New York Times in the list of publications that I regularly read above. I included that site because I have long followed the work of the Southern Poverty Law Center , and I am interested in studying how white supremacist ideas spread in our modern media ecology.† (Indeed, the Columbia Journalism school just so happens to be doing a lot of work on exactly this issue.) This category is the most general, meant as an opportunity to showcase what you do when you are not reading. This can include anything from big music concerts to theatre performances to museum exhibits. You can even list video games (there is a rapidly growing world of philosophically and emotionally sophisticated games, like That Dragon, Cancer , that are worthy of study alongside any other work of literature). You can also use this category to display your interest in international issues. Maybe you attended an exhibition on the art of climate change in Beijing or were captivated by Gianfranco Rosi’s Fire at Sea . Maybe you are a regular reader of the trendsetting African literary blog Brittlepaper . But what if you haven’t done lots of fancy travel? What if you don’t live in a big city with lots of fancy museums? Even small local events are worth listing here if you got something out of them. There is no reason why you should be shy about including a local theater production, a community dance competition, or an exhibit from a local artist. Showing that you are aware of the various forms of art and life that flourish outside the circuit of Guggenheim Fellowships and Booker Prizes can add an important dimension to your application. In this essay, the admissions officers want to know why you want to attend Columbia in particular. Not just because it is a big fancy school with brand recognition, but because you are attracted to the specific courses Columbia offers, the ways it trains its students, and social and cultural institutions that surround it in New York City. Columbia wants to know that you have taken some time to research what they have to offer. Before you can write a compelling answer to this question, you will need to dig deep on their website. For this essay, generic kiss-up praise for Columbia’s â€Å"high-quality academic curriculum, outstanding professors, and talented students† is not going to cut it. Anyone can write that. You should also try to reach beyond patinas to the things that Columbia touts in its promotional materials. Everyone who is applying to this school knows that Columbia is â€Å"famous† for being located in New York city, for having all of its students take a â€Å" Core † curriculum, and for emphasizing academics over athletics. The admissions officers’ eyes probably glaze over a little bit every time they hear a student parroting back to them a line like this: â€Å" I am excited to take Contemporary Civilization and join into the tradition of students who have, since 1919, assembled to discuss important works of moral and political thought from Plato to the present .† A good response to this prompt starts with the recognition that it is not just asking you to tell what is â€Å"valuable† about Columbia itself. They are asking you to talk about how the values and commitments that make you a distinctive and interesting person are related to the dazzling array of opportunities that Columbia has to offer. You want to share something that is specific about yourself and pair it with something equally distinctive about the university. Maybe members of your community have recently been deported, and you are especially interested in the work that Columbia’s School of Journalism has done reporting on that issue. Maybe your interest in mathematics and computer science led you to start reading up on automata theory , and you are excited to attend the Math department’s Samuel Eilenberg Lectures — a series named for a former Columbia professor who made great contributions to that field. As you do your web search to try and find out how your interests intersect with Columbia, the more specific you get, the better. Columbia is a massive institution, and there is a lot happening there — much of which your admissions officers might not even know about! If you can teach them something about their own institution, then you are more likely to capture their attention. Another thing that makes Columbia distinctive is not just the work that happens within its walls, but also its location in New York City. Maybe you are excited to take an Art History class where you can go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and see â€Å" The Death of Socrates † in person while reading The Phaedo . Maybe you are interested in the socioeconomic issues associated with gentrification , and want to study first hand the classic case of Brooklyn. As you write this essay you should not be afraid to talk about how your interest in Columbia lies in how that institution is related to the urban environment that surrounds it. Note: This final question differs slightly between applicants to Columbia College or to the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. For applicants to SEAS, there is no option to apply as undecided, so the second sentence is omitted from this prompt. The admissions committee is interested in knowing what you find fascinating about your field and what you have done to broaden that interest. They are trying to weed out people who are applying for a given major just because it sounds fancy. But, more than that, they also want to see what makes you tick, how your passion for learning carries you beyond your high school classes, and what keeps you up at night in a fever pitch of wonder and excitement. You want to find the best, and most concise, way to showcase your passion. 300 words are a lot fewer than you would think! At , we have broken down the â€Å"Why Major?† essay into two main questions: Your essay should seek to address both of these questions with as high a degree of specificity as possible. Because this essay is so short, it is difficult to address a general field. You cannot fully explain your love of a subject with a mere 300 words. â€Å"I love astronomy† is not sufficient. Instead, you could write more specifically about your interest in exoplanets and astrobiology. Include a personal story about stargazing as a child that sparked your love of the field and mention scientific research completed in high school that further cultivated your interest in the stars. It’s also possible that you are still figuring out what you want to study. No intellectually curious seventeen-year-old is ever certain about the topics and disciplines that will drive their future studies. One way to communicate your interest and your desire to continue exploring a given topic is to talk about a recent conversation you had with someone who is already immersed in a field that you are curious about. An essay might begin: â€Å"Ever since my high school teacher combined potassium permanganate and glycerol and set his lab coat on fire, I’ve been fascinated with the chemical property of flammability. In order to learn more, I reached out to John McJohnson, a graduate student studying autoignition temperatures at the University of California, Davis. What most excited me about our conversation was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Of course, in order to write this essay, you need to actually have a conversation with someone who is working in that field. If you live in a town that has a research university, and if you are considering majoring in chemistry, you can actually go to the chemistry department’s university website, find a professor or graduate student whose work looks interesting to you, and send them an email asking to meet for coffee. This may seem intimidating, but we can assure you that there are lots of researchers who might be willing to take 30 minutes out of their day to talk with a young person about their work. You might not get a response (most of these people are very busy), but the sooner you get used to reaching out to potential future colleagues and making connections, the better off you’ll be. No matter what approach you take to this question, you’ll want to be sure to avoid cramming in too much jargon in an effort to communicate your technical mastery. You only have 300 words, and the point of this essay is not to dazzle your reader but rather to show what practical steps you’ve taken to explore and develop your intellectual interests.   However, you choose to write your essays, dare to be a little creative. Don’t just describe the university that the Columbia admissions officers already know. Ideally, they will see their campus a little bit differently after having read what you imagine it might be to you. As Columbia’s website says, they are looking for students who â€Å"will take greatest advantage of the unique Columbia experience and will offer something meaningful in return to the community.† The advice we’ve offered in this article is only a sampling of what we try to do with our clients at . If you want help on your Columbia application and essays, check out our College Apps Program and our Essay Editing Program .

Compression in Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compression in Media - Essay Example This run of information is learnt to be facilitated by the different forms of media present around us. The absence of the efficient flow or exchange of such extensive information would as a result restrict the viewpoints and attitudes of the general people further exploiting their respective thoughts and inferences in relation to the happenings in the world around them. It needs to be mentioned in this context that the theories related to the media helps in justifying as well as manipulating the work done and the information provided to the audiences (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). Thesis Statement This paper would focus on providing a detailed comprehension regarding the various theories related to the media along with a comparison between those. The research paper would also attempt to ascertain the specific perspectives on the way the media functions and manipulates in the society of that country. For the reason of comprehending the specific perspective, a lucid insight require s to be gained regarding the various theories such as libertarian theory, social responsibility theory and political economic theory related to media. Libertarian Theory The notion with regard to this particular libertarian theory is learnt to have developed from the thought that individuals are considered as rational beings who possesses enough competence to differentiate between the factual and the improper facts or information and make appropriate decisions based on such judgments. The underlying belief of this theory relates to the chief aim of the media that is believed to be the passing on of truth or facts and also the belief that media would desist from succumbing to any kind of outside pressures; for instance, from the corporate owners or the advertisers (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). The theory of libertarian even presumes that individuals holding contrasting or divergent perspectives will also be paid attention to. This implies that the responsibility of media under t his theory is considered to be the communication or presentation of the negative as well as the positive viewpoints. According to this theory, assails made on the guiding principles as has been laid down by the government are completely acknowledged and are also supported at times. This theory also eliminates any kind of limitations exerted on the import as well as export of the media information with regard to the national boundaries. The libertarian theory believes in complete independence of the journalists along with the media experts within the system of media organization (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). Social Responsibility Theory The theory of social responsibility has been stated to comply with the notion of the libertarian theory but still suggests the need to recommend the kind of behavior or functions that the media should indulge into. This specific theory was learnt to evolve from the Hutchins Commission Report regarding the Free and Responsible Press. There were ce rtain objectives that were assigned by the commission which also entailed the requirement for honest and comprehensive reporting of the entire possible aspects related to any issue. It believes that the media holds some specific responsibilities and commitments toward the society (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). This particular social responsibility theory even believes and complies with the notion that the government needs to support the media for the reason of acting in accordance with their respective responsibilities towards the society in case of any failures in keeping up with the obligation that is expected with regard to the media. It should be stated in this regard that this is where the theory stands apart from the libertarian t

Resoures needed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resoures needed - Essay Example The energy released is usually in heat form. After heat is emitted, the coolant lifts it out of the reactor. Coolant used in most instances is plain water. After the coolant has heated up, it proceeds to the turbine chamber where it drives a shaft. This makes nuclear reactors be exotic heat sources (Hargraves 45). The reactor core The reactor core generates heat and stores all nuclear fuel. It has uranium (low enriched, not less than 5% U-235). The coolant Material passing through the core is called the coolant. It also transfers heat usually from fuel to turbine. A coolant can be the normal water, liquid sodium, or heavy water. The turbine The turbine receives heat from the coolant then generates it to electricity. This takes the same method as it happens in fossil fuel plant. Containment This is the general high-density steel structure-separating reactor from environment. Most are dome shaped and usually reinforced in concrete. Cooling towers These are used in Plants to dump excess ive heat that have not been transformed to energy. They only emit vapor and clean water commonly referred to as hyperbolic icons. Different types of nuclear reactors There exists a variety of nuclear reactors usually of different pursposes, fuel cycles, coolants, and different fuels. Some of them include; Pressurized water reactor This is the most prevalent type of nuclear reactor. It uses the normal regular water as coolant. The cooling water is kept at very high pressures to keep it from boiling. It transfers heat to the secondary coolant loop after passing through heat exchanger. This then keeps turbine in motion. This type of reactor uses oxide fuel pellets compressed in zirconium tubes (Frog 40). This type of reactor has its pros and cons depending on circumstances. On the positive site, it has the void coefficient, which is strong and negative. Reactor easily cools down when water begins to bubble. Secondly, the secondary loop prevents radioactive materials from reaching the t urbines, which eases maintenance. Procedures have been optimized due to accumulated operating experiences. On the other side, coolants under heavy pressure have a high likely hood of escaping in the eventuality a pipe breaks. This reactor is not able to breed new fuel as result of it being susceptible concerning uranium shortage (Weston 56-58). Canada Deuterium-Uranium Reactors (CANDUs) First used in Canada, they usually contain heavy water with extra neutron in hydrogen. This therefore results to Deuterium taking place of pure hydrogen. Since Deuterium has limited capacity in absorbing neutrons compared to hydrogen, CANDUs operate strictly on natural uranium and not enriched. Its advantages are that it needs limited uranium enrichment .For this reason, it can usually be refueled when in operation which keeps capacity factors high. They possess the flexibility nature and uses different types of fuel. Its demerits are based on safety concerns since some variants posse’s positi ve coolant coefficients. Sodium Cooled Reactor Sodium metal, which is liquid in nature, cools down these types of reactors. Since sodium is heavier than hydrogen, it enables neutrons to move at higher speed. These types of reactors use oxide or metal fuels and have the potential to burn everything thrown at them (Uranium, higher actinides, plutonium and thorium). The advantage of these reactors is that they have the capability to breed their own

Nordstrom Case Study Essay Example for Free

Nordstrom Case Study Essay Answer 1: In the 1990s, Nordstrom had six co-presidents who were six cousins belonging to the family’s fourth generation. All six cousins took decisions jointly on major issues concerning the business. Thus, it was necessary that all six co-presidents agree on a decision or a plan for it to be acted upon. This was quite a difficult task as all of them often had differing opinions. Due to this many decisions were delayed or met with resistance by one or the other member. These six co-presidents were compared to a multi-headed hydra. Dismantling the hydra would prevent conflicts on future decisions and would also enable decisions to be taken quickly. It will also vest the ownership for the decisions onto one person. It will also enable a family member to be groomed for possibly leading the company one day. The possible disadvantages of dismantling the hydra is that the six co-presidents could have all contributed their knowledge and experience and have arrived at a better more informed decision. If equal power is vested in six people at the top, it enables them to share the workload. Answer 2: Creating departments around products will create independent profit and loss units for each product. The members of each department will have expertise on their products. They will know how to procure those products and effective sales and marketing techniques to sell those products better. This will narrow down their focus and they will concentrate only on the product that they are selling and will gain expertise on how to sell it best. The possible disadvantages of creating departments around products are that the employees will not have a complete picture of the entire business and where they stand. If in future, they are moved to another department, they will have to gain information about that product from scratch. Answer 3: The following changes prompted the move from mechanistic to organic organization. In the 1990s, the company met with stiff competition from its competitors. Its sales began to plateau. Its net income fell 2% and sales edged up only 1.9%. In the stores that had been open for a year, its sales dipped 1.1% after a 2.6% drop the prior year. Nordstroms shares fell from a 1999 high of 44 3/16 to under 20 in February. The customers and outsiders complained that top executives spent more time in seeking consensus of all co-presidents on issues and this was a reason for Nordstrom being slow in presenting new fashions for sales. Answer 4: In designing an organization to manage change, an additional structural change that Mr. Whitacre should consider is to start a competition among the departments. In this quarterly competition, the department that has the best sales and profits should be the winner and its members should be given some incentives. They should be asked to share the best practices with the other departments in order to help them manage change better. Employees should be rotated regularly from one department to another.

BVU Rides :: Buena Vista University Transportation Essays

BVU Rides College students love to have fun at Buena Vista University. As many may already know, Buena Vista University has a reputation as a drinking college. Whether it is good or bad, a majority of college students are going to participate in drinking on the college campus and in the local community bars. There are many reasons for partying and drinking on campus. Students could be celebrating a big win for the football team, or getting a good grade on a test. Students like to have a good time. Of the students who party and choose to drink on campus, a large majority of them like to go to the bars. The question is how to get to and from the bar safely? Enjoying the Bar Scene When people head to the bar they are looking forward to the quality social atmosphere. Malarkys, the bar most kids head to, is decorated with fancy neon lights, the quantity of other college students there, and the lively dance floor. Students also look forward to the ever so famous drink specials that are offered. The notorious bar for these drink specials is Malarkys. The reasons students may be attracted are as follows: Wednesday nights are the famous nickel pitcher night, where anyone age 21 or older can get a pitcher of beer for only one nickel. Friday nights=Free Beer. That’s right, from 9-11 p.m. anyone 21 or older receives free beer. Saturday’s offer 1.00 mixed drinks and various other specials decided upon by management. The BVU Rides Bus With all of these specials offered and a lot of students excited to go enjoy them, the BVU Rides bus is relied heavily on by students heading to the bar. BVU Rides offers free rides from the college campus to Malarkys, the main bar college students go to, every fifteen minutes, from 10:30 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. The bus allows anyone to ride, but the bus only follows a predetermined route, with stops only at the bar and the college. Despite the fact that this is a good way for students to get to and from the bar, some members of the community think the BVU Rides is a program offered by the community that is not needed. Here are some of their ideas and our responses rebutting the citizens’ thoughts: Some of the people in the community believe that the BVU Rides bus promotes students to go out and drink.

Barack Obama’s “Inaugural Address”

President Barack Obama plays an important role not only for being elected as the first African-American head of state in the United States of America but also because he is greatly responsible in the fate of the Americans during this time. One of the most important speeches that a president could give to the citizens that he will govern is his or her inaugural address. This could be attributed from the reason that this speech is recognized as his or her first official way of communicating with the public. It is his or her way of informing them of the course of action of his or her administration.This kind of adage is greatly exemplified by the inaugural address of President Barack Obama wherein one of the most important and even controversial lines that he said are, â€Å"Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land – a nagging fear that Americans decline is inevitable, and the next generation must lower its sights† (Obama, 2009). This abovementioned statement made by President Obama points out the fear that most Americans are experiencing because of the different problems that they are facing including issues on terrorism and the current economic crisis.These problems are threatening the security of the United States to the point that some critics are saying that this could cause the weakening of the country. As such, President Obama discussed in his inaugural address that these contemporary problems that the country are facing tend to leave some Americans with the fear that their country is not as powerful as compared before, which creates a sense of insecurity among the people. The future generations of America is also said to be capable of only dreaming less as compared to the grand goals of their forefathers because they need to lower their sights in order for it to be attainable.Nevertheless, President Obama assured the American people that the challenges that they are facing would be addressed. As such, he is assuring the people that in his administration, he would do something in order to address these issues and Americans would need not to worry of settling for anything less than what they need and what they deserve. Being the case, the fear of the country’s declining power and lowering their sights should not be the case anymore. The idea of the American dream is also greatly related with the statement made by President Obama.Some critics are asserting that achieving the American dream is quite impossible nowadays especially with the challenges that the country is facing. However, on my personal point of view, I still believe that the American dream is still attainable today, as the history of the country is a proof in itself that the United States of America could emerge stronger after this crisis. The critics of the United States have a declinist view about almost every problem that the country has to address.However, the Americans have proven that they could emerge victo rious even in the most difficult situations. This could be best exemplified by the end of the First World War wherein European countries are regarded as the dominant power in the world. Nevertheless, the United States started to take a bolder role in international affairs to the point of even participating in the Second World War. In line with these, it was also the United States that helped some of the most devastated countries after the war.Moreover, during the time of the Cold War, there are also some criticisms that this could be the downfall of America but the exact opposite took place. The United States was able to reign supreme in the Cold War which eventually paved the way for their global domination (Haas, 2009). â€Å"History repeats itself;† as this saying goes, I believe that in the case of America, this still holds true. The American dream is still attainable because the country could be able to surpass the challenges that they are facing right now.Electing Presi dent Barack Obama also shows how America is changing its traditional views in order to become open to changes. This is great evidence that they could surpass the problems that they have now. Sooner or later, the United States will once again prove that the American dream was, is, and will be attained. References Haas, L. J. (2009). Don’t Bet on America’s Decline. Retrieved August 3, 2009, from http://www. democratiya. com/review. asp? reviews_id=252. Obama, B. (2009). The Inaugural Address of President Barack Obama.

PMP critique

Answers Keller excess Depths Quote excess Papaya Mondale excess 1. 0 Executive summary This project plan was given by Ecological Foot Print Inc. For â€Å"Us Ecological Foot Print App† developing. This project is to design a mobile-based application that runs both android and ISO mobiles. And the delivered application should also be able to make any upcoming changes in the future.The deliverables required from this application are to help people live and work more sustainable by setting targets for achieving greenhouse gas savings through individual self-motivation and help a better environment. The ultimate aim of the project Is to have a better quality of life by setting goals that every individual should be able to meet. Measurement tools, In the app will help individuals to compare the Impacts that different satellites or everyday decisions might have, whether they take place In the home, school or office, or In managing an event.The app will allow Individuals to Investiga te areas related o food, travel, power usage, and other factors such as use of shopping bags, recycling etc. This application will utilize the data regarding the areas weather conditions. Sheldon Cooper Is the CEO of the project. Leonard and Sheldon are the joint sponsors of the project. The allocated budget of the project is $150,000 and the of February 2014 and scheduled completion date is on sixth of May 2014.The minimum required deliverables for the project are: Project Initiation Project Charter Kick-off meeting minutes Project Planning Scope Statement Work Breakdown Structure (WEBS) Schedule (Giant chart) Network Diagram Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) Risk Management Plan Detailed Budget Project Executing Product related deliverables Project Controlling Milestone report Weekly status reports Weekly team meeting minutes Change Requests Project deliver 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 Name Us Ecological Foot Print App 2. Description The aim of the project is to design an android a nd ISO based application to help people live and work more sustainable by setting targets for achieving greenhouse gas savings through individual self-motivation and help a better environment. Victoria is high in using the natural resources and emitting carbon dioxide levels, so he aim of this app is to allow individuals to investigate areas related to food, travel, power usage, and other factors such as use of shopping bags, recycling etc. The app will utilize data regarding an individual's city weather conditions.Individuals will be compared to those of their state, country and the world. With the use of this application, people should live and work more sustainable by setting targets for achieving greenhouse gas savings through individual behavior modification and indirectly through other peoples' or organizations behaviors which can be influenced. The allocate budget and time is $1 50,000 and four months respectively. 2. 4 Sponsor details: Sheldon Cooper CEO, Big sang Inc. Melbo urne 3000 Phone: 0401234567 e-mail: [email  protected] Com. U Leonard Hovercrafts Director, Mobile Development 301 global shine Phone: 0401234568 e-mail: [email  protected] Com. AU Project manager and team members: The project consists of a project manager, two programmers and a digital image specialist that work on the application. Their details are as given below: Name Role Played Contact Details Andy Project Manager Ph: 0400000001 [email  protected] Com Answers Keller Programmer Ph: 0400000002 [email  protected] Com Depths Quote Image specialist Ph: 0400000003 [email  protected] Com Papaya Mondale Ph: 0400000004 [email  protected] Com 2. Deliverables: Software: Fully functional Android and ISO based application that lets users compare the impacts that different activities or everyday decisions might have, whether they take place in the home, school or office, or in managing an event. The app will provide individuals with an overall ranking in terms of food, travel, sh elter, and goods and services, and advice around these. 2. 6 References: Scalable, K. (2006). Information technology project management, (4th De. ). Cambridge,MA: Course Technology De Never, Loch $ Pick 2002 Definitions: decompose the tasks into smaller components.Giant Chart: It is a bar chat used to illustrate the project schedule with start and finish dates. Network Diagram: Network diagram in a project involves sequence of steps represented in blocks linked sequentially according to the dependencies. Responsibility assignment matrix (RAM): Used to clarify roles and responsibilities of each member involved in the project. Project Charter: It is a statement of scope, objectives and participants in a project. Identifies stakeholders, and defines authority of Project Manager.Project Management Plan (PM): It s a document that consists of project planning, assumptions, communication, schedule, budget etc. Software Development Life Cycle (OSDL): Describes the process of planning, analy zing, designing, testing and maintenance of an IT project. 3. 0 Organization: 3. 1 Organizational Charts: Ecological Footprint Inc. Barnett Rosenstein Ski-Willowiest Ecological Footprint (Project Manager) Amy Affray Fowler (Green House Gas specialist consultant) 3. 2 Project Responsibilities: See Appendix A – Responsibility Assignment Matrix . 3 External interfaces: Hardware Provider: Apple store www. Apple. Com. AU pH: 03 9300 0000 Kevin Susann (user representative- ecological footprint) e-mail: [email  protected] pH: 0409999999 4. 0 Management and Technical Processes 4. 1 Management Objectives The Senior Management of Ecological foot print Inc. , have identified the need for help people live a sustainable life and has allocated $1 50,000 for its development. This app will be mobile based that will run on phones and androids and will help people to set targets for achieving Green house gas savings. The senior management of Ecological foot print Inc. Just at least include m easurement tools that will help individuals to compare the impacts their different activities or everyday decisions, whether they take place at the home, school or office, or in managing an event. The app should allow individuals to investigate areas related to food, travel, power usage, and other factors such as use of shopping bags, recycling etc. And must also utilize the data regarding the area's weather conditions. 4. 2 Project Controls To manage and monitor the status and progress of the project, several documents have been developed.

Redemption essays

Redemption essays In reading the article Conversion to Feminism by Charlotte Wolf the aspect that most comes to mind is the inequality among men and women in society. When first reading the article we learn women are a caste or class, linked together by their sex that they are inferior. These women decided they would no longer stand for such discrimination. They were going to take back their lives. They were going to live as individuals and not just as mothers and housewives. Most joined feminist organizations, joining a feminist organization was a very large first step towards commitment to a new perspective. They were going to redeem their individualism. Furthering studying the article it is evident that women of society who are subordinate often experience feelings that they are not supposed to experience, and they also will have experiences that they cannot name. Through the process of sharing and validating these experiences, women can forge a community based on these feelings and our shared interpretation of them. In many cases women have shared many stories of how they feel as if they do not belong anywhere, they often experience the feelings of being a loaner. Redemption has tied into the theme of this article by the women wanting more. They want to be liberated and feel equal in society, at home, and in everyday life. Women in general want to change the world; they want to be apart and active in the world. They want opportunities, and the chance to live freely, without be obligated to stay home and do their laundry while the family goes out! ...

Reflection on movie 500 years later Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on 500 years later - Movie Review Example It would appear as if Africans then were willing and subservient slaves working for Europeans, but in actuality, they tried their best to rise above the horrible conditions they were pushed into. Somehow, it was just inopportune that they were helpless victims to those who had more power then, but all that is part of history now. Being able to view Elmina, said to be the slave colony in Ghana, and getting an idea of how slaves were treated, makes one shudder. Just imagining how they were placed in massive numbers in dungeons with steel plates on their necks, cuffs and ankles, and chains binding them together, creates an image that is so distressing, and it makes one wonder, why did these white people treat the Africans this way? What have they done to deserve this? What’s even ironic is that there is a church on this fortress; it makes you think how can these church-goers even bear to attend mass there knowing that the Africans were suffering in the dungeons in that area? Desp ite being the world’s 2nd largest continent – and possibly even one of the richest, because of their natural resources, one of which is diamonds – Africa has a dark history of slavery behind it which is said to be so deeply-ingrained that even the Africans themselves have a distorted view of what they perceive to be â€Å"the true, the good and the beautiful†. This occurrence is highly-expected due to the long-term bondage and subjection to foreign influences by different countries. Africa was an unwilling pawn in this game, and yet it has received the least desired effects which are still felt up to the present day. As one of the resource persons in the documentary states, what took place in Africa 5 centuries before was one that was physical – the torture, the serfdom, the suffering and vulnerability. Currently, Africa is still deep in slavery, but more on mental enslavement, which is indeed very disturbing. This is made apparent in the following quote: â€Å"African people are the largest consumers of self-mutilation products; skin bleaching, hair straightening, artificial nails, false hair, etc.† This is the effect of the long-term exposure to the Western/European cultures and creating icons which are far removed from what Africans can actually see in the environment they are exposed to. Africans have lost their genuine love for what is truly of African origin and have totally embraced that which was merely fed to them by their Western brethren. What’s more, the act of accepting Western culture as part of being African has been further enriched by attaching negative connotations to the word Black – as evil, dark, ugly, dirty, sinister, etc. – which only served to even widen the gap between the two races. Hence, in trying to be White, the Blacks merely ended up throwing more mud on their faces – not really a great scenario. It is indeed quite unsettling to know that up to the present time , the false notion of White superiority over Blacks is still believed by most Africans. There is still that undeniable stereotype attached by blacks to whites, and vice-versa, and although it has significantly improved, it will still probably take some time to totally eradicate this principle. This, I think, is a common problem which persists among cultures which were colonized and subjected to foreign influe

Business in europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business in europe - Essay Example Some threats or challenges which are staring at the company have been looked into. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. is an automobile giant based in Japan. The company manufactures a wider range of vehicles, starting from passenger vehicles, trucks, to buses and marine vehicles. The organisation has operations in different countries of Asia, US, South America and Europe. It produces luxury cars under the Infiniti brand. Under the leadership of CEO Carlos Ghosn it has grown to be the number two automobile company in Japan just after Toyota. Presently Renault which is a leading French automobile company owns 45% of Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. (Company Profile For NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD., May 2009; Nissan Motor Company, 2008). The Japanese auto giant by the name of Nissan motor Co. Ltd. has risen to become the 2nd largest automaker in Japan after Toyota and has got its operation in different countries of the world spanning the continents of North and South America, Asia and Europe. In Europe Nissan initiated its business by acquiring an equity stake in S.A., Barcelona, Spain’s Motor Iberica and begun producing the Patrol/Safari model there three years later. The next year in 1984, the company established Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd. in Sunderland, UK. In 1988 it established the Nissan European Technical Centre Ltd. again in UK. The next year the company established a centre in Amsterdam by the name of NENV or Nissan Europe NV to look after a broad scope of work all over Europe, from developing new products, procuring raw materials, raising capital to manufacturing. Owing to the success in UK market the company again established Nissan Motor (GB) Ltd. was established as a new sales company i n UK in 1991.In 1992 in Germany Nissan design Europe GmbH was established. The same year saw the launch of Micra in the European market which went onto win the award for the best car of the year in the European market. In 1995 the