Individual Critical Reflection Report Free Essays

Dynamic This individual report gives an away from and support of the demonstrating choices that were taken just as a reflection on how the models identify with one another and the expected qualities and shortcomings of the team’s work. The paper covers the two models which are the prerequisites model and the examination/plan model and why it was essential to accurately decide when and how to travel from the previous model to the investigation/structure model. Depiction and legitimization of the demonstrating choices The frameworks prerequisite model Turban (2013, p40) claims that the framework prerequisites model involves what the framework completely is required to do. We will compose a custom paper test on Individual Critical Reflection Report or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now It might be expansive and significant level or increasingly specific and definite relying upon the sort of procedures being referred to. The gathering picked the nitty gritty necessity since it takes into account association into chain of command that comes full circle into profoundly proficient processes.This was significant in light of the fact that it helped the gathering meet elevated level prerequisites in the structure and working of the procedure. In this manner the gathering had the option to deal with the multifaceted nature of enormous frameworks in spite of the fact that we thought that it was important to be increasingly cautious while moving to the plan/examination model e so as to limit on mistakes. The gathering understood that the frameworks necessities model had a couple of weaknesses like it on occasion neglects to meet the prerequisites of the client and this may go undetected until the framework is incorporated, when this occurs, it prompts superfluous burdens as far as both time and assets. Moreover, the model has a generally longer than the ideal advancement cycles. The way that prerequisites change so rapidly with progressions in innovation and other related factors frequently render the frameworks necessity model unacceptable on account of the significant expenses brought about during redesigns for the framework to meet the new necessities (International Workshop IW-SAPF-3, Linden, 2001, p53 Satzinger, Jackson, Burd, 2008, p59). It was continually testing to choose when to travel to the plan/examination model inferable from the different weaknesses that are experienced at the necessities model level. The investigation/configuration model Casteleyn (2009, p43) states that the goal of any model is to help the endeavors of the designer in making the task to have the correct plan, determination and choices so as to accomplish the planned objectives. The correct plan and determination is regularly surveyed utilizing denominators like business suitability, consumer loyalty, meeting the limitations of the task and the related hazard levels. For the planner to have the option to satisfy the necessary guidelines, the individual in question needs to work with adequate believability, precision and working extent. Basically the examination/plan model is an enhancement for the necessities model as it depends on it in creating data like client inclinations, advertise patterns and the mechanical attributes. When the prerequisites stage is very much organized, at that point the investigation/structure model will be progressively productive inferable from the decrease in mistakes (Wasson 2005, p89). The opposite is additionally evide nt as wasteful aspects in configuration prompts blunders being conveyed forward to the examination/structure stage. Issues and constraints A decent model ought to have the option to identify any imperfections right off the bat in the existence pattern of an item. As such testing ought to be done as ahead of schedule as conceivable so as to limit the expenses of fix. This suggests testing ought to be coordinated in the plan of the framework with the goal that it tends to be checked against the necessities as ahead of schedule as could be expected under the circumstances. This is the premise on which the necessities model functions as it comprehends and traces the arrangement of prerequisites ahead of time. As prior sketched out, the primary explanation for demonstrating is to add to simple recognizable proof of any inadequacy and vagueness in the info material. The prerequisites model frequently expect that the printed necessities gave as contribution to the procedure regularly cling to excellent norms, despite the fact that this isn't generally the situation as prove by the deformities that regularly emerge later all th e while. This is in truth where the structure/examination models steps in as it empowers the prerequisites investigator to improve quality by further demonstrating the necessities in a conventional portrayal as this takes into consideration a definite investigation of such necessities (Slooten, ebrary, Inc. 2002, p32). The dependence of the investigation/configuration model on the prerequisites is apparent and basic as it reuses the necessities for the check of the different accessible elective plans. This guarantees the last item is extraordinarily improved in light of the fact that the mistakes and some other setbacks are fixed in time (Information Resources Management Association 2011, p67 IFIP WG 8.1 et al 2007, p77). Perhaps the greatest issue that confronted the gathering and is likewise a test to the next programming engineers is realizing when and how to travel from the prerequisites stage to the real plan/investigation stage. This was a significant purpose of conflict as certain individuals felt that we were traveling too soon while others felt that it was the correct opportunity to make the progress. The test here is to make the correct call on the grounds that an off base one can be expensive as far as both time and assets. An early jump puts the entire venture on the incline of breakdown as a result of the crude prerequisites though a late jump prompts delay of high dangers as they are moved to the later phases of the task lifecycle. Potential enhancements to the team’s work (with respect to the particular picked subject) One of the most significant things that the gathering acknowledged was that it is critical to make smooth the progress procedure from the necessities to plan/examination model. It is essential to have a curio that ties straightforwardly the two work processes into one sorted out unit (Tari, Corsaro, Meersman, 2004, p72 Chiang, Siau, Hardgrave 2009, p56). The undertaking group should utilize case acknowledgment as the transitional antiquity. This action ought to happen in the primary summarization of the elaboration stage. The utilization case acknowledgment goes about as a transitional component that determines how the utilization case will be executed in the last task. Be that as it may, it is basic to take note of that the utilization case acknowledgment is in reality a composite ancient rarity that contains other plan models that are a portrayal of the genuine acknowledgment. The joint effort charts and UML succession are a portion of the models that the gathering can use as case portrayals. When the gathering utilizes this then the entire procedure of progress will be generally simple as it prompts productivity of the entire procedure. Book index Casteleyn, S. (2009). Building Web applications. Dordrecht: Springer. Chiang, R., Siau, K., Hardgrave, B. C. (2009). Frameworks investigation and structure: Techniques, systems, approaches, and models. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference on Situational Method Engineering: Fundamentals and Experiences, Ralyte?, J., Brinkkemper, S., Henderson-Sellers, B. (2007). Situational technique designing: Fundamentals and encounters : procedures of the IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference, 12-14 September 2007, Geneva, Switzerland. New York: Springer Data Resources Management Association. (2011). Instructional plan: Concepts, strategies, devices and applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Worldwide Workshop IW-SAPF-3, Linden, F. . (2001). Programming models for item families: International Workshop IW-SAPF-3, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Sapin, March 15-17, 2000 : procedures. Berlin: Springer. Satzinger, J. W., Jackson, R. B., Burd, S. D. (2008). Frameworks examination and structure in an evolving world. Cambridge Mass: Course Technology. Slooten, K. ., ebrary, Inc. (2002). Ideal data demonstrating methods. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Tari, Z., Corsaro, A., Meersman, R. (2004). On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2004: OTM 2004 Workshops. Berlin: Springer. Turban, B. (2013). Instrument Based necessity detectability among prerequisite and structure ancient rarities. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg. Wasson, C. S. (2005). Framework Analysis, Design, and Development: Concepts, Principles, and Practices. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. The most effective method to refer to Individual Critical Reflection Report, Essay models

Purpose Of The External Audit Report Accounting Essay

Reason for The External Audit Report Accounting Essay This task will remember a conversation for the view of the outer review report, a clarification how and why wording in the outside review report has advanced, just as a clarification and conversation on the IAASBs recommendations and a remark on conceivable future turns of events. Reason for the outer review report When managing the reason for the outer review report it comes down to who is being posed the inquiry as there are numerous discernments with regards to what precisely the reason really is. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia trust The target of the fiscal report review is to add validity to administrations budget summaries. (The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia 2008). They likewise proceed to state how a review permits diverse client gatherings to feel progressively positive about an entitys fiscal summaries in light of the fact that there is sensible confirmation that a valid and reasonable view is available. (The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia 2008) However a few clients of records see things contrastingly Others felt that the evaluator ought give a review feeling, yet in addition decipher the budget reports in such a way, that the client could assess whether to put resources into the element (McEnroe Martens, 2001: 347). Taking a gan der at things from one more point the law likewise has a supposition on the reason for examiners and review reports, in the renowned instance of Kingston Cotton Mills Co. (1896) Lord Justice Lopez expressed An inspector will undoubtedly be an investigator, or, as was said to move toward his work with doubt, or with an inescapable result that there is something incorrectly. He is a guard dog, not a hound dog. (Court of Appeal 1896) Basically meaning the review report can never be ensured to have zero blunders. To sum up things an equitable definition that presumably would be acknowledged by a dominant part of gatherings is that the motivation behind an outer review report is to communicate a sentiment regarding whether the data introduced in the budget summaries mirrors the money related situation of an association at a specific date, in this manner giving sensible confirmation of a valid and reasonable view. Anyway various clients will in all likelihood consistently see the reason s omewhat contrastingly to one another, expelling the desires hole is more difficult than one might expect. Open bookkeeping callings should respond and advance quick enough to keep up to pace with the changing industry and social condition to totally wipe out the hole. (Sherer Turley, 1997) How and why the wording in the outer review report has advanced One explanation with respect to why the wording of outer review reports advanced was the way that phrasing in the reports was not constantly deciphered a similar way, existing review reports are misconstrued by numerous perusers (Bailey, Bylinski Shields, 1983: 355) (McEnroe Martens, 2001: 348) The table above shows how the expression present decently was seen in various manners by financial specialists as well as by reviewers themselves. Despite the fact that there were recommendations to have this expression expelled from the review report solid opposition from the money related network implied it was never established. Wording being deciphered diversely prompted a data hole and to counter this just as upgrade generally speaking correspondence among reviewers and budget summary clients, the Cohen commission and Treadway commission made numerous proposals. One proposition which was effective and lead to a change was the expansion of a passage clarifying the extent of the review (PCAOB 2011). Another purpose behind change is the arranged worldwide harmonization of principles. With the ASB and IAASB anticipating combining U.S GAAS and the International Standards on inspecting there turned into a need to give more consistency across universal outskirts. (Morris Thomas, 2011) One approach to guarantee the wording is more clear and more clear is the new definitions area, The Definitions segment characterizes any terms or articulations that are being presented in a standard just because. (Morris Thomas, 2011: 2) The wording of the outer review report has advanced in light of the fact that what is being requested has changed. Clients need more prominent clearness alongside more straightforwardness since more than any other time in recent memory people need a more profound knowledge in to an evaluated firms budget summaries, which is most likely an aftereffect of the ongoing budgetary emergency which hit the worldwide business world with no reasonable admonitions. (Bussiere Fratzscher 2006) However the trouble lies in discovering financially savvy arrangements which despite everything empower some type of shared characteristic to keep up consistency universally. IAASBs proposition The IAASB has proposed the incorporation of an Auditor Commentary segment. This would help clients of the announcements see more what precisely the reviewer is doing and the procedures he does to build up a conclusion, which means there might be a decrease in the desires hole. Anyway the critique depends on the evaluators judgment on what is well on the way to be significant, which means various examiners may arrive at various resolutions, which could thus prompt contrasts of supposition; this may influence the harmonization of review reports and likeness. Additionally the analysis would be given at the prudence of the examiner, which means additional time and exertion would need to go in to each review yet with no additional charge, one may scrutinize the cost adequacy. Anyway different elements, for example, financial specialists may profit in light of the fact that expanded comprehension may prompt more prominent handiness with regards to dynamic. An option could be a widespread s egment clarifying examined fiscal reports or the review; despite the fact that no two reviews are actually indistinguishable this methodology could at present assistance create fundamental comprehension and would likewise facilitate the evaluators errands. One may expect financial specialists and investors would be supportive of the proposition while inspectors may not be as satisfied except if expenses likewise increment relatively. Another proposition is to evaluate administrations presumptions in an end. An end including the propriety of the going concern supposition and whether material vulnerabilities have been distinguished may help bring up early issues that should be managed, this could in truth forestall future unforeseen money related emergency from happening and may likewise increment budget report straightforwardness. Anyway the report ought to be neither excessively idealistic or negative. One may likewise expect a decrease in the data hole. Any reasonable person would agree most partners would be supportive of this proposition, aside from chiefs obviously. Additionally proposed was an announcement with respect to whether any material irregularities between the examined fiscal summaries and other data have been indentified, this may upgrade the report giving a more clear and perhaps a progressively complete image of a firm and tasks. An issue is that not every single future occasion can be anticipated precisely thus an announcement about the nonattendance of material vulnerabilities isn't an assurance, clients may misconstrue this which would enlarge the desires hole. Conspicuous arrangement of the evaluators feeling and other substance explicit data alongside further proposals to give straightforwardness were likewise proposed. This may help with regards to exploring through complex budget reports and will likewise help call attention to explicit territories were the evaluators exertion was engaged. A narrowing of the data and desire hole might be the result anyway one could contend changes to the review report alone may not be sufficient and that data outside of articulations additionally needs to improve to give an increasingly important change. A potential option could in this way be to give legitimate instructive material kept up by the IAASB, one might say helping clients explore through reports all the more openly despite the fact that the difficult which emerges here is a general guide may not be sufficiently explicit. Conceivable future turns of events Clients of fiscal reports appear to be in understanding that review reports need to improve and invite the way that the IAASB has looked for development I am completely strong of your present activity (Robert Mednick, 2012), anyway not all clients accept the recommendations made are suitable we don't concur with the proposition (Roger Harrington, 2012). To sum up certain partners accept the recommendations given would simply prompt a duplication of data gave by chiefs and that the report would get inclined to standard critique. (WESTWORTH KEMP, 2012) Although they may give more data to support the pass or bomb sentiment there might be potential for expanded review costs. It might be fitting to not make a few parts of the upgrades required and rather incorporate a deliberate component. Likewise any going concern critique ought to be clear and apparent to clients with the goal that remarks are not taken outside of any relevant connection to the subject at hand. Anyway a ton of clients concurred with the proposed changes and with a couple of minor alterations accepted they would be emotional, all in all, the recommended enhancements are fitting( ACCA, 2012), so sooner rather than later one may see the proposals made put in to impact. End To finish up my examination recommends that review reports need to develop and improve to stay aware of the changing industry and social condition and the IAASBs recommendations are a positive development. In spite of the fact that the proposals made could have a converse effect the potential for advantage incomprehensibly exceeds this. The recommendations focus on various issues, for example, straightforwardness and value and have the ability to be worked universally. Anyway one might be worried by clients misconception remarks which would then enlarge the desires hole. Word check: 1541 References Diary Article McEnroe Martens, JEM SCM, 2001. Inspectors and Investors Perceptions of the Expectation Gap. American Accounting Association Accounting Horizons, Vol 15 No. 4 , 345-358. Diary Article with two writers Bussiere Fratzscher, MB MF, 2006. T

The best cafes on campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The best cafes on campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you are visiting SIPA next week for ASD and want to take a coffee break or grab a bite to eat, you have many choices. SIPA students Amir Safa, MIA, 2017, and Roxanne Moin-Safa, MIA, 2017, share their favorites. Nous Espresso Bar at the Graduate Student Center, Philosophy Building Hours: M-Th 8:30 am 8 pm F 8:30 am 6 pm Sa 10 am 5 pm Su 12-5 pm Nous Espresso Bar awaits you inside the Graduate Student Center of Philosophy Hall, just a few steps across the bridge from SIPA. The sophisticated grad student will appreciate the modern art, high ceilings, and quality coffee found within these walls. Don’t be shy; it’s common to share tables in this popular space. Nous proudly serves responsibly sourced Stumptown Coffee and as well as monthly features from Parlor and Coava. The brewed coffee connoisseur can choose between drip, pour over, or cold brew. Watch the sushi master make magic while you wait in line and ponder over what else you can order: a made-to-order Donburi (Japanese rice bowl), a soup, a salad, or pastries? And if you are wondering, “Nous” refers to Greek philosophical term for the intellect. Recommended: Organic tea by Rishi especially Coconut Oolong for a light afternoon zing and a decadent brownie UP Coffee Co. in Pulitzer Hall, School of Journalism Hours: M-F 7 am 8 pm Sa Su 9 am 6pm If you are into local organic coffees, sustainable snacking, and watching the news, then make a pitstop at the newly opened UP Coffee nestled in the corner of the School of Journalism. The upscale and modern vibe here offers an assortment of sandwiches, made-to-order hot paninis, salads in Mason jars, baked goods, and snacks to go. In addition to espresso, you have your choice of drip, pour over, cold brew, and nitrogen infused cold brew. You will always get natural light from the glass roof, and if the weather is pleasant, you will get to chomp down al-fresco style when the glass patio doors open. If you need your daily fix of news, watch the overhead news ticker or the tv screens broadcasting CNN. Recommended: Organic coffee roasted locally in Brooklyn; hot Reuben panini. Publique, School of International and Public Affairs Hours: M-Th 8:30 am 7 pm F 8:30 am 5 pm Sa Su Closed Get a real taste of SIPA life at the newly opened Publique cafe on the 6th floor.  This large lounge space offers students a place to unwind between classes. Publique offers a variety of salads, sandwiches, coffee, tea, baked goods, and snacks for the student on the go.   Recommended: Sandwich to go Brownie’s Cafe in Avery Hall, Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning Preservation Hours: M Th 8 am 6:30 pm F 8 am 5 pm Is your coffee rendezvous a covert operation? We’ve got you covered. Step into Avery Hall next to the chapel, swing a left down the spiral staircase, through the architecture gallery room, and down another staircase into the tucked away secret of Brownie’s Cafe. This underground hideaway features modern, minimalist furniture with plenty of seating. Brownie’s Cafe features a wide selection of made-to-order and ready-made sandwiches, soups, Mediterranean side dishes, snack packs, baked goods, Toby’s Estate coffee, and Harney Sons assorted teas. Recommended: Grilled vegetable sandwich with Havarti cheese and Basil pesto on toasted focaccia bread. Joe Coffee, NW Corner Science Building Hours: M F 8 am 8 pm Sa Su 9 am 6 pm Quite possibly the brightest cafe on campus, Joe Coffee is a coveted corner usually buzzing with professors, students, and locals. It’s located on the second floor of the NW Corner Science Building overlooking the gothic beauty of the Union Theological Seminary and the splendor of Teacher’s College. Enjoy the ambiance of ultra-modern, bright white furnishings and stunning marble flooring to boot. Light music spices things up here. Joe Coffee offers a variety of house-roasted coffees, espresso, and teas as well as lite fare including baked goods. Recommended: Any of the house coffees, cappuccino. [Photos by Amir Safa]

Classroom Observation - 2592 Words

Properly conducted classroom observation is a powerful tool in the continuing professional development of teachers. The revised performance management arrangement for teachers, which came into force on 1 September, 2007, clearly set the expectation that classroom observations are to be developmental in nature and multi-purpose in usage. The Education ( School Teacher Performance Management) Regulations 2006 state that the total period of classroom observation allowed per performance management cycle should not exceed three hours and, in many cases, will be less, depending on individual circumstances. The performance management regulations require that classroom observation, and the performance management cycle, should†¦show more content†¦Classroom Research and Second Language Development:- The success of a course of language studies in a classroomis judged in terms of the product, that is, the learners’ terminal proficiency. To do this a number of tests and examinati ons are available which measure that proficiency. However, the examinations themselves can never inform us of the role that classroom work played in the scores obtained. In the classroom interaction occurs interactionn between teachers, learners and materials. This is the essential element of the classroom. An important step in the classroom is the image that the observer presents. Sometimes, no doubt, observers are perceived, as Rosen vividly puts it, as ‘ sinister figures in the wings, faintly contemptuous, armed with the paraphernalia of expertise and tapping ominously their research findings.’ Such an image would be totally incompatible with ethnographic research which crucially depends on a relationship of trust. If the classroom ethnographer is regarded as an evaluator or inspector, the entire enterprise becomes impossible. This is of central importance to Classroom Research. Neutrality in Classroom Research means studying the interaction as it occurs in the conte xt, from the perspective of those that are being studied. This can be done through participant observation or non-participantShow MoreRelatedThe Classroom Observation1960 Words   |  8 PagesClassroom observation is a main approach of teaching research. Scholars or researchers use video to record the real whole class and observe the teachers and students’ actions, words and the efficiency in the class. Though the observation, they analyze what approach is more suitable. This paper will select video 5 and video 3 as the material to do the classroom observation. Different aspects such as teachers’ responds, questions, instructions notes and students’ behavior will be addressed to analyzeRead MoreClassroom Observation1141 Words   |  5 PagesClassroom Observation Conducting classroom observations are very important to the prospective teacher. Observing helps show how experienced teachers manage their classroom. For this observation it was important to notice how the classroom was arranged, how the teacher interacted with the students, the teacher’s management style, and interview the teacher. Upon speaking to the principal about observing he assigned me to Mrs. Johnson’sRead MoreObservation Report On Classroom Observation1404 Words   |  6 PagesFor this observation, I observed in a fifth-grade elementary school classroom at Dunlap Elementary School in Yucaipa. The teacher, Mrs. Aldulaimi, of the classroom has been teaching full time for the past five years but has been substituting for twenty plus years. She has a class of about thirty so students but as of recently many of her students are moving away and changing school districts. She really seems to be passionate about teaching but may appear overly strict with the children. 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The last session was carried out inRead MoreEssay on Classroom Observation Report792 Words   |  4 Pages  Classroom Observation On Monday February 24, 2014 I visited Mrs. Randus’ third and fourth grade split class at Kline Elementary. Her classroom consisted of a mixture of third and fourth grade students who were tested and labeled as gifted in various subject matters. Mrs. Randus was responsible for teaching the children language and reading skills.

Describing the Different Types of Abuse - 817 Words

(Ai) Describing the different types of abuse 1. Physical abuse – This is causing someone physical harm, for example hitting, pushing, slapping, kicking etc. 2. Sexual abuse – Any form of sexual activities that a person has not or cannot give consents to or have been forced into, for example rape. 3. Emotional/psychological – This is causing some mental distress by using verbal abuse, threats, humiliation, control and intimidation. 4. Financial abuse – Taking people’s money goods or property without their permission 5. Institutional abuse - Services that fail to recognise the rights of service users and offer a poor quality of care or which tolerate ways of working which cause harm to vulnerable people. 6.†¦show more content†¦Neglect by others: * Absence of prescribe medication * Absence of food, heat and hygiene * Not allowing client to have access to services * Dirty or unkempt appearance * Weight loss or gain. (Aiii) Actions that should be taken if you suspect an individual is being abuse: 1. Follow organisational procedures. 2. Report immediately to the correct person. 3. Record exactly what is suspect and why you come to that conclusion. 4. Keep it confidential – only disclose it to those who have a need to know. (Aiv) Actions that should be taken if an individual told you they are being abused: 1. Follow organisational policies and procedures. 2. Listen to them carefully. 3. Assume the individual is telling the truth. 4. Report it to your manager. 5. If it is a criminal matter you need to call the police. 6. Reassure the individual. 7. Do not ask leading questions. 8. Tell the individual what you are going to do and why. 9. Record exactly what the individual told you. 10. Preserve any evidence. 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This violence is so common that 32 million Americans are affected by it, and that number should almost double because it is estimated that one in three domestic violence casesRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Abuse On Children And Young People Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesIt is important that we as practitioners receive the most up to date training in safeguarding as the signs and symptoms, indicators and behaviours of abuse in children and young people can come in different forms, and they are physical abuse, emotional abuse, neg lect and sexual abuse. The forms of physical abuse can include signs and symptoms such as unexplainable recurrent injuries or burns, missing hair, a child running away from home, fear of going to the doctors or hospital for a medical examination

The 23rd Session of the International Poplar Commission Free Essays

The 23rd Session of the International Poplar Commission The Mechanism of 2n Pollen Formatiom in Populus ? euramericana and P. ? popularis Speaker Jin-feng Zhang (Jennifer) zjf@bjfu. edu. We will write a custom essay sample on The 23rd Session of the International Poplar Commission or any similar topic only for you Order Now cn Beijing Forestry University P. R. China OUTLINE 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Analysis 4 Discussion 1 Introduction 1. 1 Polyploid breeding is an important part in poplar breeding ? ? Triploid white poplar trees Triploid and aneuploid hybrids in Populus trichocarpa ? P. deltoides ? Triploidy were found in the cultivar poplar clones in section Aigeiros Introduction 1. 2 Mechanisms of 2n gamete formation in plant ? ? ? ? ? Premeiotic doubling Omission of the first or second meiotic division Abnormal spindle Abnormal cytokinesis Nuclear fusion FDR ( first division restitution ) : Contains non-sister chromatids SDR ( second division restitution): Contains two sister chromatids 1 Introduction 1. 3 The objective of this study ? Poplar can produce 2n gamete naturally or by artificial induction Elucidation of the cytological mechanisms of 2n gamete formation has been seldom in poplar. To detect and elucidate the mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in diploid poplar Results from this research may offer a more effective method for polyploid breeding in poplar in section Aigeiros. ? ? ? 2 Materials and Methods 2. 1 Plant materials ? Populus ? euramericana Four male : EA1, EA2, EA3 and EA4 One female: A ? P. ? popularis The offspring of (P. simonii ? (P. nigra var pyramidalis + Salix matsudana mixed pollen) ) One Male: P ? The crosses A ? EA1, A ? EA2, A ? EA3, A ? EA4, A? P 2 Materials and Methods 2. 2 Microsporogenesis observation 2. 3 Flow cytometry analyses 2. 4. Chromosome counting 2. 5. SSR analysis 3. Results and Analysis . 1 Cytological determination on 2n pollen formation 10 11 5 6 8 9 Table 1 The expected and observed rate of 2n pollen grains Sporads Code of poplar Dyad Triad Tetrad Total Expected rate of 2n pollen % Observed rate of 2n pollen % ? 2 EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 P 539 163 689 2189 308 341 1818 682 4093 484 6629 5528 6354 1691 7308 7509 7509 7725 7973 8100 4 . 96 7. 69 7. 14 36. 17 3. 15 0. 03 0. 09 10. 08 29. 41 2. 35 26. 056** ** Indicated significant difference between expected rate of 2n pollen from sporads sample and the observed rate of 2n pollen from pollen sample at P 0. 01. The percentage were converted to arcsine data before ? 2 test. . Results and Analysis 3. 2. Detection of polyploid offspring of 2n pollen Diploid 61# Diploid 61# Triploid 65# Triploid 65# 0 50 Channels (FL2-A- 100 150 1. 27) 200 250 Diploid 61# Diploid 61# Triploid 73# Triploid 73# 0 50 Channels (FL2-A- 100 150 1. 27) 200 Diploid 61# 61#+ 61# Diploid 75# 75# Tetraploid Tetraploid 75# 0 50 Channels (FL2-A- 100 150 1. 27) 200 250 3. Results and Analysis 3. 3. SSR determination on mechanism of 2n pollen formation M + M EA4 A EA4 4x 75# 2x 2x 2x 4x 2x 2x 75# 4x M EA4 + 75# 2x 2x 2x A M + 4x 2x 2x 2x EA4 A 75# (a) Primer: 14: M + EA4 A (b) Primer: 41 4x 2x 2x 2x (c) Primer: 47 75# + 4x 2x 2x 2x EA4 A 75# M (d) Primer: 68 (e) Primer: 105 Table 2 Segregation of alleles at loci where the male Populus ? euramericana. (Dode) Guinier parent EA4 is heterozygous Code 14 41 47 68 105 SSR primer GCPM_2453-1 GCPM_3345-1 GCPM_3559-1 GCPM_432-1 ORPM_29 locus 1 2 3 4 5 6 EA4() AB AB AB AB A0 B0 A(+) CDE AC B A C0 DE 75#(4x) ABCDE ABC AB AB A0C0 B0DE 421(2x) 422(2x) 423(2x) ADE AC B A C0 BE ADE AC AB A C0 BE ADE AC AB A C0 BE These letters do not necessarily correspond to discrete alleles(e. g. the â€Å"E†band for GCPM_2453-1 may be the non specific amplification ) and ORPM_29 primer detects two loci, 0 means a null allele. . Results and Analysis 3. 3. SSR determination on mechanism of 2n pollen formation M P + 3x 3x 2x 2x 2x A 65# 73# M + 3x 3x 2x P A 65# 73# 2x 2x (a) Primer: 13 M P + A 3x 3x 2x 65# 73# 2x 2x (b) Primer: 68 (c) Primer: 105 Table 3 Segregation of alleles at loci where the male P. ? popularis parent P is haterozygous Code 14 68 105 SSR primer GCPM_2453-1 GCPM_432-1 ORPM_29 4 AB BD AD AD BB AB AB locus 1 2 3 P() AB AB 00 A (+) CAD C C0 65#(3x) CAB AC C0 73#(3x) 321(2x) CAB BC C0 AD AC 00 322(2x) 323(2x) AD AC C0 AD AC 00 These letters do not necessarily correspond to discrete alleles(e. g. the â€Å"C†band for GCPM_24531 may be the non specific amplification) and the ORPM_29 primer detects two loci, 0 means a null allele. 4. Discussion 4. 1 Mechanisms of 2n pollen formation 4. 2 The biological reason for high percentage of 2n pollen 4. 3 The formation of 2n female gametes in poplars of section Aigeiros 4. 4 Polyploidy identification using molecular markers 4. 5 Implications of polyploidy for genetic research and tree breeding How to cite The 23rd Session of the International Poplar Commission, Essay examples

The Clock Stopped Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

The Clock Stopped This clock stopped at 8:15 am the morning of August 6, 1945 when America released the fatal forces of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Unfortunately the owner of this watch, Kengo Futagawa, was terribly burned and mortally wounded by the atomic forces as he stood only 1600 meters from the point of impact. Sad deaths like Futagawa's are commemorated each year by various Anti-Atomic Warfare organizations that try to spread the realism and the devastation of Atomic Warfare through the told accounts of individual Hiroshima victim's horrific stories. They, the people of Hiroshima paid an awful price as do many victims in the time of warfare, but their story is different because it was a price that did not need to be so heavy. Due to ruthless war tactics, negligence, and ulterior motives America, the power of peace, used excessive force on Japan when it dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. There are many ways to cruelly explain America's actions in this matter; such as revenge, or simply a quickened end to the war, but the plain truth is the A-Bombing of Hiroshima could have been easily avoided. If the decision to bomb or not to bomb was placed solely on the threat of Japan at the present time of the decision anyone could see that atomically bombing Hiroshima was unnecessary and by all means should have been used as a last resort. Scientist, Botanist, and creator of the theories behind the Atomic Bomb, Leo Szilard and 58 others protested against the use of Atomic Bombs in the war against Japan by writing a letter to the President of the United States. The petition respectfully asked that the use of this new weapon be used in a last resort. An excerpt from the petition clearly states their intentions. ?The war has to be brought speedily to a successful conclusion and the destruction of Japanese cities by means of Atomic bombs may very well be an effective method of warfare. We feel, however, that such an attack on Japan could not be justified in the present circumstances. We believe that the United States ought not to resort to the use of atomic bombs in the present phase of the war, at least not unless the terms which will be imposed upon Japan after the war are publicly announced and subsequently Japan is given an opportunity to surrender.? (Dannen pg. 2 ) Unfortunately, this view was not shared by the decision makers, aconfined group of men; ?only about a dozen, high government officials, military advisers, and Scientist who were appointed by President Truman to help advise in the awesome decision of whether and where the bomb would be dropped.? (Fogelman pg.2 ) The recommendations of this committee and above all the advice of Secretary of War Stimson, confirmed President Truman's own conviction that use of an atomic bomb against Japan would be necessary to bring the war to a speedy end. However, it seemed as if the speedy end Truman was so desperately seeking was around the corner. With America's very strong air raids, and a strong chokehold on Japanese importing systems, Japan was already frantically looking for a way to surrender. America's strong air raids were due to ?Area Bombing,? an air raid tactic that the U.S. Airforce adopted from the Germans in their war against England, sought not to hit specific targets, but struck rather at whole cities, killing thousands of citizens. They aimed to ?de-house? enemy industrial workers, disrupt the enemy war effort, crush enemy morale, and ultimately send the enemy into submission. With this ruthless tactic in place the ?Americans had already killed well over half a million Japanese civilians by ?Area Bombing' efforts, perhaps nearly a million. This was before atomic weapons were even ready for use.? (Long pg.4 ) While Japan was being bombarded from the sky, a naval blockade was strangling Japan's ability to import oil and other vital materials and its ability to produce war materials. Admiral William Leahy, the Chief of Staff to President Roosevelt and then to President Truman , wrote, ?By the beginning of September [1994], Japan was almost completely defeated through a practically complete sea and air blockade.? (Long pg. 3) The most